English Maritime Terminology on Ship and Cargo Handling

7.3 Container Handling, Stowage and Lashing

Container Types and Standards

Containerization relies on standardized containers to facilitate efficient handling and transport. Common container types include:

• Dry Cargo Containers: Used for general cargo, such as manufactured goods and consumer products.
• Reefer Containers: Equipped with refrigeration units to transport perishable goods.
• Tank Containers: Designed to transport liquid and gaseous substances.
• Open-Top Containers: Have a collapsible roof for easy loading and unloading of oversized cargo.

Container Handling Equipment

Various specialized equipment is used to handle containers efficiently:

• Container Cranes: Large cranes capable of lifting and moving containers between the vessel and the quayside.
• Gantry Cranes: Used to transport containers within the terminal.
• Straddle Carriers: Mobile machines that can lift and transport containers over land.
• Forklifts: Smaller vehicles used to move containers within the vessel's hold.

Container Stowage Planning

Proper container stowage is crucial for vessel stability and safety. Key considerations include:

• Weight Distribution: Containers are distributed evenly to maintain the vessel's center of gravity within acceptable limits.
• Stability: Cargo is stowed to ensure the vessel remains stable in various sea conditions. Specialized IT systems provide loading plans based on container weight, content and type. Containers are arranged in rows, bays and tiers in a three dimensional positioning system. 
• Segregation: Incompatible cargoes (e.g., hazardous materials, perishable goods) are separated to prevent damage and accidents.
• Securing: Containers are secured using twist locks and other lashing devices to prevent shifting during transit.

Container Lashing and Securing

Container lashing is essential to prevent shifting and damage during transit. Common lashing methods include:

• Twist Locks: Mechanical devices that connect containers vertically and horizontally.
• Cellular Guides: Built-in structures within the vessel's hold that guide and secure containers.
• Lashing Bridges: Steel structures that span between containers to provide additional securing points.
• Webbing and Chains: Used to further secure containers, especially in heavy seas.

Container Stacking

Container stacking is a common practice to maximize cargo capacity. However, it's essential to consider factors such as container weight, stability, and the vessel's structural limitations.