English Maritime Terminology on Ship and Cargo Handling

7.2 Cargo Stowage 

Cargo stowage refers to the careful placement and securing of cargo within a merchant vessel. This process is critical for ensuring the stability, safety, and smooth operation of the ship during its voyage.

Planning and Considerations:

• Cargo weight distribution: Cargo is strategically positioned to maintain proper weight distribution throughout the vessel. Uneven weight distribution can cause instability and pose a safety risk.
• Center of gravity: The center of gravity (COG) is the imaginary point where the entire weight of the vessel and cargo is concentrated. Maintaining a low center of gravity enhances stability.
• Cargo type and compatibility: Different cargo types have specific stowage requirements. Flammable materials, for example, need to be segregated from other cargo.
• Securing cargo: Once positioned, cargo is securely fastened using various methods like dunnage (wedges and spacers), lashings (ropes and straps), and securing beams.
• Vessel limitations: The weight capacity and available space within the vessel dictate the cargo stowage plan.
• International regulations: International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations govern safe cargo stowage practices to ensure the safety of crew, cargo, and the environment.

Types of Cargo Holds:

• Dry Cargo Holds: Enclosed compartments for general cargo like containers, packaged goods, machinery, etc.
• Reefer Holds: Temperature-controlled holds for perishable goods like fruits, vegetables, and meat.
• Liquid Cargo Tanks: Specialized tanks for transporting bulk liquids such as oil, chemicals, and liquefied natural gas (LNG).

Cargo Stowage Methods:

• Cellular Stowage (Container Ships): Shipping containers are stacked securely within designated cell guides for optimal space utilization.
• Break-Bulk Cargo: Individual pieces of cargo are secured using dunnage and lashings to prevent shifting during the voyage.
• Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo): Vehicles and wheeled cargo are driven onto the vessel through ramps and secured using wheel chocks and lashings.

Benefits of Proper Cargo Stowage:

• Vessel stability: Ensures the vessel remains stable throughout the voyage, minimizing the risk of capsizing.
• Cargo safety: Reduces the risk of damage to cargo during transport.
• Crew safety: Prevents cargo from shifting and causing injuries to crew members.
• Efficient loading and unloading: Facilitates faster turnaround times in ports.
• Compliance with regulations: Adherence to international regulations avoids potential fines and delays.