2.1 General Cargo Ships
General cargo ships transport the vast array of non-bulk cargo that are essentiel to the function of the world's economies.
This chapter covers the diverse types of vessels, their characteristics, and equipment that allow them to transport a wide range of manufactured goods, project cargo and products across the globe.
A Multifaceted Fleet: Types of General Cargo Ships
The beauty of general cargo ships lies in their adaptability. There are several sub-types within this category, each catering to specific cargo needs:
Multipurpose Vessels (MPVs): These versatile ships can carry a mix of containerized cargo, break bulk (unpacked) goods, and even project cargo (oversized or odd-shaped items). They are equipped with cranes for self-loading and unloading, making them ideal for smaller ports with limited infrastructure.
Break Bulk Ships: Traditionally, these workhorses carried loose cargo like palletized goods, machinery, or vehicles. Today, they often handle project cargo or oversized equipment that wouldn't fit into containers. Break bulk ships rely on shoreside cranes for loading and unloading.
Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) Ships: Designed for efficiency, RoRo ships have ramps that allow wheeled cargo like cars, trucks, or trailers to drive directly on and off the vessel. This makes loading and unloading significantly faster compared to traditional methods.
These categories aren't mutually exclusive. Many modern general cargo ships are hybrids, incorporating features from multiple types to maximize their cargo-carrying capacity.
Key Characteristics and Specificities
General cargo ships share some core characteristics:
Size: They come in a wider range of sizes compared to specialized vessels. Smaller general cargo ships might navigate regional routes, while larger ones tackle transoceanic journeys.
Holds: Unlike bulk carriers with vast open holds, general cargo ships have multiple enclosed holds with hatches on top for access. This allows for segregation of different cargo types and better protection from the elements.
Deck Cargo: Some general cargo ships have additional deck space for carrying oversized cargo that won't fit within the holds.
The specificities of a general cargo ship depend on its type and intended use. Break bulk ships might have specialized holds for securing loose cargo, while RoRo ships prioritize wide ramps and internal roadways for efficient vehicle movement.
Essential Equipment for Diverse Cargo
General cargo ships rely on a variety of equipment to handle their varied cargo:
Cargo Gear: This includes cranes of various lifting capacities, derricks (fixed cranes), and winches for hoisting and maneuvering cargo.
Hatch Covers: These secure the hatches on top of the holds, protecting cargo from the weather and sea conditions.
Forklifts and Straddle Carriers: These are used for maneuvering palletized cargo within the holds and on deck.
Lashing Gear: This extensive system of wires, turnbuckles, and shackles secures cargo within the holds, preventing it from shifting during transport.
The complexity of the equipment reflects the diverse challenges of handling a wide range of cargo.